{"id":3396,"date":"2026-05-20T11:26:58","date_gmt":"2026-05-20T11:26:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/1844mchahal.com\/michigan-governmental-immunity-120-day-notice-highway-defect-2026\/"},"modified":"2026-05-20T11:26:58","modified_gmt":"2026-05-20T11:26:58","slug":"%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b6%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%be","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1844mchahal.com\/hi\/michigan-governmental-immunity-120-day-notice-highway-defect-2026\/","title":{"rendered":"\u092e\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0917\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e: \u0967\u0968\u0966-\u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0932 (\u0968\u0966\u0968\u096c)"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\n.kb-wrap{font-family:'Inter',system-ui,sans-serif;color:#1f2937!important;line-height:1.75;max-width:920px;margin:32px auto;padding:48px 32px;background:#fff!important;border-radius:18px;box-shadow:0 12px 40px rgba(0,0,0,0.10);}\n.kb-wrap .kb-eyebrow,.kb-eyebrow{display:inline-block;font-size:12px!important;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.18em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#0b1220!important;background:#fbbf24!important;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:999px;margin-bottom:14px;}\n.kb-wrap .kb-h1,.kb-h1{font-size:clamp(28px,3.6vw,42px)!important;font-weight:800;line-height:1.15;margin:0 0 14px;color:#0b1220!important;font-family:Georgia,serif;letter-spacing:-0.4px;}\n.kb-wrap .kb-meta,.kb-meta{color:#000!important;font-size:14px!important;margin:0 0 28px;font-weight:600;}\n.kb-wrap .kb-lead,.kb-lead{font-size:18px!important;color:#000!important;line-height:1.75;margin:0 0 24px;font-weight:500;}\n.kb-wrap .kb-h2,.kb-h2{font-size:24px!important;font-weight:800;color:#0b1220!important;margin:36px 0 12px;font-family:Georgia,serif;}\n.kb-wrap .kb-h3,.kb-h3{font-size:19px!important;font-weight:700;color:#0b1220!important;margin:24px 0 10px;}\n.kb-wrap p{font-size:16px!important;color:#1f2937!important;margin:0 0 14px;}\n.kb-wrap ul,.kb-wrap ol{font-size:16px!important;color:#1f2937!important;margin:0 0 16px;padding-left:22px;}\n.kb-wrap li{margin:6px 0;color:#1f2937!important;}\n.kb-wrap .kb-cta,.kb-cta{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#0b1220 0%,#1e293b 100%)!important;color:#fff!important;border-radius:14px;padding:28px;text-align:center;margin:32px 0 8px;}\n.kb-wrap .kb-cta h3,.kb-cta h3{color:#fff!important;margin:0 0 10px;font-size:22px!important;}\n.kb-wrap .kb-cta p,.kb-cta p{color:#cbd5e1!important;margin:0 0 18px;}\n.kb-wrap .kb-cta a.btn,.kb-cta a.btn{display:inline-block;background:#fbbf24!important;color:#0b1220!important;padding:14px 28px;border-radius:10px;font-weight:800;text-decoration:none;letter-spacing:.04em;}\n.kb-wrap .kb-table,.kb-table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:18px 0 24px;font-size:15px;}\n.kb-wrap .kb-table th,.kb-table th{background:#0b1220!important;color:#fff!important;padding:12px 14px;text-align:left;font-weight:700;}\n.kb-wrap .kb-table td,.kb-table td{padding:12px 14px;border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0;color:#1f2937!important;vertical-align:top;}\n.kb-wrap .kb-table tr:nth-child(even) td{background:#f8fafc!important;}\n.kb-wrap .kb-faq,.kb-faq{border-top:1px solid #e2e8f0;padding-top:24px;margin-top:32px;}\n.kb-wrap .kb-cite,.kb-cite{font-size:14px!important;color:#475569!important;background:#f1f5f9!important;padding:14px 18px;border-left:4px solid #fbbf24;margin:18px 0;border-radius:0 10px 10px 0;}\n.kb-wrap .kb-related,.kb-related{background:#f8fafc!important;border:1px solid #e2e8f0;border-radius:12px;padding:18px 22px;margin:24px 0;}\n.kb-wrap .kb-related h4,.kb-related h4{margin:0 0 10px;color:#0b1220!important;font-size:16px!important;}\n.kb-wrap .kb-related a,.kb-related a{color:#1d4ed8!important;text-decoration:none;font-weight:600;}\n<\/style>\n<div class=\"kb-wrap\">\n<span class=\"kb-eyebrow\">Knowledge Base &middot; Governmental Immunity<\/span><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"kb-h1\">\u092e\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0917\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e: \u0967\u0968\u0966-\u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0932 (\u0968\u0966\u0968\u096c)<\/h1>\n<p class=\"kb-meta\">\u0935\u0915\u0940\u0932 \u092e\u0948\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u0939\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u00b7 \u092e\u0908 2026 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0921\u0947\u091f \u00b7 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f: ~8 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f<\/p>\n<p class=\"kb-lead\">A pothole shatters your wheel and your shoulder on a state highway. A buckled sidewalk fractures your ankle outside a county office. A patrol car runs a red light and totals your minivan. Each of those cases lives or dies in 120 days &mdash; not the three years most clients assume they have under <a href=\"\/hi\/%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%9a%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%9f\/\">Michigan&#39;s general personal-injury statute of limitations<\/a>. The Governmental Tort Liability Act, codified at MCL 691.1401 <em>et seq.<\/em>, walls off public agencies from suit, opens narrow exceptions, and then booby-traps the exceptions with one of the harshest deadlines in Michigan law.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"kb-h2\">The Default Rule: Broad Immunity Under MCL 691.1407<\/h2>\n<p>Michigan starts from a hard presumption against suing government. MCL 691.1407(1) confers immunity on every governmental agency &mdash; the State, counties, cities, villages, townships, school districts, road commissions, and authorities &mdash; for any tort committed while the agency is engaged in a governmental function. The phrase &ldquo;governmental function&rdquo; sweeps in almost everything a public body lawfully does: maintaining roads, running buses, operating a fire department, plowing snow, inspecting buildings.<\/p>\n<p>Section 1407(2) extends parallel immunity to individual officers, employees, and volunteers acting within the scope of their authority, provided their conduct does not amount to gross negligence that was the proximate cause of the injury. &ldquo;Gross negligence&rdquo; under MCL 691.1407(8)(a) is conduct so reckless as to demonstrate a substantial lack of concern for whether an injury results &mdash; a far higher bar than ordinary negligence.<\/p>\n<p>The result for an injured Michigander is simple and unforgiving. Unless a statutory exception applies, the case is over before it begins. The six recognized exceptions are highway defects (MCL 691.1402), public buildings (MCL 691.1406), motor-vehicle operation by employees (MCL 691.1405), proprietary functions (MCL 691.1413), sewage-disposal-system events (MCL 691.1417), and the medical-care exception for governmental hospitals (MCL 691.1407(4)).<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"kb-h2\">The Highway Exception: MCL 691.1402<\/h2>\n<p>The highway exception is the workhorse exception for Michigan personal-injury practitioners. MCL 691.1402(1) directs that each governmental agency having jurisdiction over a highway shall maintain it in reasonable repair so that it is reasonably safe and convenient for public travel. A person injured by a failure to do so may recover damages from the agency &mdash; subject to every other limitation in the GTLA.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"kb-h3\">What Counts as a &ldquo;Highway&rdquo;<\/h3>\n<p>The duty is narrower than the word suggests. MCL 691.1402(1) limits the duty to the &ldquo;improved portion of the highway designed for vehicular travel&rdquo; and expressly carves out sidewalks, crosswalks, trailways, traffic signs, and any other installation outside the traveled roadbed. Shoulder defects, ditch wash-outs, and signage failures generally fall outside the exception unless a separate statute applies.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"kb-h3\">Sidewalks: The MCL 691.1402a Carve-Out<\/h3>\n<p>Sidewalks are governed separately. MCL 691.1402a applies to municipal corporations (cities and villages) and creates a rebuttable presumption that the agency maintained the sidewalk in reasonable repair. The presumption may be overcome only by evidence that a vertical discontinuity of two inches or more was a proximate cause of the injury, or by evidence of another dangerous condition the agency knew about or should have known about. The two-inch yardstick is statutory; it is not a judicial gloss.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-cite\"><strong>Statutory anchor:<\/strong> MCL 691.1402a(3) presumes municipal compliance with the sidewalk-maintenance duty &mdash; a presumption that may be rebutted only by proof of a vertical discontinuity of two inches or more, or other dangerous condition with actual or constructive knowledge.<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"kb-h2\">The 120-Day Notice: MCL 691.1404<\/h2>\n<p>The pre-suit notice in MCL 691.1404 is the single most case-killing provision in this body of law. Subsection (1) reads, in operative part, that as a condition of any recovery for injuries sustained by reason of a defective highway, the injured person, within 120 days from the time the injury occurred, shall serve a notice on the governmental agency. The notice must specify the exact location and nature of the defect, the injury sustained, and the names of the witnesses known at the time.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"kb-h3\">Strict Compliance &mdash; <em>Rowland v Washtenaw<\/em> (2007)<\/h3>\n<p>For roughly four decades the Michigan Supreme Court permitted some leniency where governmental defendants were not actually prejudiced by a defective notice. That ended in 2007. In <em>Rowland v Washtenaw County Road Commission<\/em>, 477 Mich 197 (2007), the Court overruled prior caselaw and held that the 120-day notice provision must be enforced as written, with no judicial &ldquo;actual prejudice&rdquo; exception. Miss a required element &mdash; even by an honest oversight &mdash; and the case is dismissed.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-cite\"><strong>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong> <em>Rowland v Washtenaw County Road Comm&#39;n<\/em>, 477 Mich 197 (2007) requires strict compliance with MCL 691.1404(1). Lack of prejudice to the agency is not a defense to a defective notice.<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kb-h3\">What the Notice Must Contain<\/h3>\n<p>Michigan appellate courts have repeatedly dismissed cases for missing or vague notice content. The four required components from MCL 691.1404(1) are non-negotiable:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Exact location.<\/strong> A street name plus an intersection is sometimes acceptable; a vague reference to &ldquo;near&rdquo; or &ldquo;in the vicinity of&rdquo; an intersection often is not. The agency must be able to locate the defect from the four corners of the notice.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nature of the defect.<\/strong> The notice must describe the physical condition that caused the injury &mdash; pothole, sinkhole, broken pavement edge, raised slab, missing manhole cover.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Injury sustained.<\/strong> A general description of the bodily harm is sufficient at the notice stage. Later medical refinement does not invalidate a timely notice.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Names of witnesses known at the time.<\/strong> If no witnesses are known, the notice should affirmatively say so. Silence on the topic invites a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(7).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"kb-h3\">Where to Serve the Notice<\/h3>\n<p>Subsection (2) directs that the notice be served on any individual whom service of process could be lawfully made under court rules. For a city, that is typically the clerk or mayor (MCR 2.105(G)(2)). For a county or county road commission, the clerk or a member of the board. For the State of Michigan, the attorney general (MCR 2.105(G)(1)). Service by certified mail with return receipt is the conservative path and is generally honored.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"kb-h2\">County Road Commissions: The 2021 <em>Pearce<\/em> Reset<\/h2>\n<p>For five years between 2016 and 2021, county road commissions enjoyed a much shorter notice window. In <em>Streng v Mackinac County Road Commissioners<\/em>, 315 Mich App 449 (2016), the Court of Appeals held that the County Road Law&#39;s 60-day notice provision at MCL 224.21(3) governed claims against county road commissions, displacing the 120-day GTLA notice. Claims routinely failed at the 61-day mark.<\/p>\n<p>The Michigan Supreme Court reset the rule in <em>Estate of Pearce v Eaton County Road Commission<\/em> and the consolidated <em>Brugger v Midland County Board of Road Commissioners<\/em>, 507 Mich 698 (2021). The Court overruled <em>Streng<\/em>, returned to the rule of <em>Brown v Manistee County Road Commission<\/em>, 452 Mich 354 (1996), and held that MCL 691.1404&#39;s 120-day GTLA notice controls claims against county road commissions. County road claims accrued on or after June 4, 2021 are governed by the 120-day rule.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-cite\"><strong>2021 reset:<\/strong> <em>Estate of Pearce<\/em>, 507 Mich 698 (2021) overruled <em>Streng<\/em> and restored the 120-day GTLA notice for county road commission claims.<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"kb-h2\">When the Complaint Itself Can Serve as Notice &mdash; <em>Champine<\/em> (2022)<\/h2>\n<p>\u092e\u0947\u0902 <em>Champine v Department of Transportation<\/em>, 509 Mich 447 (2022), the Michigan Supreme Court relaxed one corner of the strict-compliance framework. The plaintiff was injured when a concrete slab dislodged from I-696 and crashed through his windshield. He filed a complaint in the Court of Claims within 120 days but did not file a separate notice. The Court held that a timely-filed complaint can itself serve as the MCL 691.1404 notice, provided the complaint contains the four required elements. Plaintiffs need not file two redundant documents.<\/p>\n<p>The contents requirement, however, was not relaxed. On remand, the Court of Appeals was directed to decide whether the complaint sufficiently described the &ldquo;exact location&rdquo; of the slab failure. <em>Champine<\/em> is a procedural lifeline, not a relaxation of substantive content rules.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"kb-h2\">Notice Periods at a Glance<\/h2>\n<table class=\"kb-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Defendant<\/th>\n<th>\u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/th>\n<th>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>State of Michigan (MDOT, state agencies)<\/td>\n<td>120 days to agency; complaint also serves as notice if timely &amp; complete<\/td>\n<td>MCL 691.1404; MCL 600.6431; <em>Champine<\/em> (2022)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>County or county road commission<\/td>\n<td>120 days (post-<em>Pearce<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>MCL 691.1404; <em>Estate of Pearce<\/em> (2021)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>City or village (highway defect)<\/td>\n<td>\u0967\u0968\u0966 \u0926\u093f\u0928<\/td>\n<td>\u090f\u092e\u0938\u0940\u090f\u0932 \u096c\u096f\u0967.\u0967\u096a\u0966\u096a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>City or village (sidewalk defect)<\/td>\n<td>120 days, plus 2-inch threshold<\/td>\n<td>MCL 691.1404; MCL 691.1402a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>State of Michigan (Court of Claims action, non-highway)<\/td>\n<td>1 year written notice; signed and verified<\/td>\n<td>MCL 600.6431(1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Public building defect<\/td>\n<td>\u0967\u0968\u0966 \u0926\u093f\u0928<\/td>\n<td>MCL 691.1406<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 class=\"kb-h2\">How Notices Most Often Fail<\/h2>\n<p>Plaintiffs and counsel lose otherwise meritorious cases through a small set of repeat mistakes. Avoiding them is the difference between a settled file and a granted motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Late filing.<\/strong> The 120 days runs from the date of injury, not the date of diagnosis or hospital discharge. Latent injuries do not toll the period.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wrong recipient.<\/strong> A notice mailed to the wrong department or the wrong officer often fails. Match the recipient to MCR 2.105(G) precisely.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Generic location.<\/strong> &ldquo;Eastbound I-696 near the Lahser exit&rdquo; will not survive. Mile-marker, direction of travel, lane, and proximity to a fixed landmark should appear.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Silent on witnesses.<\/strong> If you have none, say so. Silence reads as concealment.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Treating the complaint as sufficient by default.<\/strong> <em>Champine<\/em> permits a complaint to serve as notice; it does not require a court to accept any complaint as notice. Build the complaint to satisfy MCL 691.1404 on its face.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"kb-related\">\n<h4>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0936 \u0932\u0947\u0916<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"\/hi\/%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b6%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%a1%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%aa-%e0%a4%b6%e0%a5%89%e0%a4%aa-%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b5-2026\/\">\u092e\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0917\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a \u0936\u0949\u092a \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935: \u0967\u0968\u0966-\u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0968-\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/a> . <a href=\"\/hi\/%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%aa-%e0%a4%8f%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a1-%e0%a4%ab%e0%a5%89%e0%a4%b2-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a1\/\">Slip and Fall After Kandil-Elsayed: The New Premises Liability Map<\/a> . <a href=\"\/hi\/%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b6%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%8b-%e0%a4%ab%e0%a5%89%e0%a4%b2%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%86%e0%a4%88%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%ae\/\">\u092e\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0917\u0928 \u0928\u094b-\u092b\u0949\u0932\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0940\u0906\u0908\u092a\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e: \u0935\u0928-\u0908\u092f\u0930-\u092c\u0948\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/a> . <a href=\"\/hi\/%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9e%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%b7\/\">\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0949\u0932\u0947\u091c \u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0932\u0947\u0916<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"kb-h2\">\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/h2>\n<div class=\"kb-faq\">\n<h3 class=\"kb-h3\">Does the 120-day notice replace the three-year statute of limitations?<\/h3>\n<p>No. The 120-day notice is a separate pre-suit precondition. The underlying limitations period for tort claims against a governmental agency remains the general three-year rule in MCL 600.5805(2), running from the date of injury. Both clocks run simultaneously. Filing within three years but missing the 120-day notice is fatal.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"kb-h3\">What if I was a minor or legally disabled when the injury occurred?<\/h3>\n<p>MCL 691.1404(2) preserves common-law tolling for disability and minority for the limitations period but not for the notice period itself in most appellate readings. Counsel should be retained immediately on any government-defendant claim involving a minor; the safer path is to comply with 120 days regardless and litigate tolling later if necessary.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"kb-h3\">Are punitive damages available against a Michigan public agency?<\/h3>\n<p>No. Michigan does not recognize true punitive damages, and exemplary damages against a governmental agency are foreclosed by the GTLA framework. Recoverable damages are compensatory only &mdash; economic loss, non-economic loss subject to statutory thresholds, and the survival\/wrongful-death components allowed by MCL 600.2922.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"kb-h3\">Can I sue an off-duty police officer who hit my car?<\/h3>\n<p>The answer depends on whether the officer was acting within the scope of authority and whether the conduct meets the gross-negligence proximate-cause standard of MCL 691.1407(2). If the officer was operating a government-owned vehicle, the motor-vehicle exception under MCL 691.1405 may also apply to the agency itself. Each path has its own proofs.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"kb-h3\">Does the highway exception apply on private roads inside a public subdivision?<\/h3>\n<p>Generally no. The exception applies only to highways under the jurisdiction of a governmental agency. Roads dedicated to public use but not yet accepted by a road commission, and roads in private platted developments, usually fall outside MCL 691.1402.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"kb-h3\">What if the State already paid my medical bills through the assigned-claims plan?<\/h3>\n<p>Government tort recovery is independent of <a href=\"\/hi\/%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b6%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%8b-%e0%a4%ab%e0%a5%89%e0%a4%b2%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f-%e0%a4%ac%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%be\/\">no-fault PIP recovery<\/a>. PIP can pay medical and wage loss regardless of agency liability; the GTLA claim handles non-economic damages and economic loss outside the PIP system, subject to the auto-tort threshold at MCL 500.3135 where the case involves a motor vehicle.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kb-cta\">\n<h3>Injured by a defective road, sidewalk, or government vehicle?<\/h3>\n<p>The 120-day clock starts the day of the incident. Get advice immediately &mdash; before the file dies on a paperwork technicality.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn\" href=\"tel:18446242425\">1-844-624-2425 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"kb-disclaimer\" style=\"margin:48px 0 24px;padding:24px 28px;background:#f8fafc;border-left:4px solid #fbbf24;border-radius:6px;font-family:'Cormorant Garamond','EB Garamond',Georgia,serif;font-size:15px;line-height:1.65;color:#334155;\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px;font-family:'Inter','Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.18em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#0b1220;\">\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;color:#334155;\">\u0907\u0938 \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0932\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u091f\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0948\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u0939\u0932 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0935\u0915\u0940\u0932-\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0932\u093e\u0939 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u0915\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u0930\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n<\/aside>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Knowledge Base &middot; Governmental Immunity Michigan Governmental Immunity: The 120-Day Notice Trap (2026) By Attorney Manny Chahal &middot; Updated May 2026 &middot; Reading time: ~8 min A pothole shatters your wheel and your shoulder on a state highway. A buckled sidewalk fractures your ankle outside a county office. A patrol car runs a red light [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3095,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3396","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-practices"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Michigan Governmental Immunity: The 120-Day Notice Trap (2026) - 1844mchahal.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Knowledge Base &middot; Governmental Immunity Michigan Governmental Immunity: The 120-Day Notice Trap (2026) By Attorney Manny Chahal &middot; Updated May\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/1844mchahal.com\/hi\/\u092e\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0917\u0928-\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hi_IN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Michigan Governmental Immunity: The 120-Day Notice Trap (2026)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Knowledge Base &middot; 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